LMLK Home
Biblical_Accounts
NonBiblical Accounts
Theories
HBRN
MMST
SUKE
ZYF
Generic
x (cannot classify)
2-Top
2-Divided
2-Undivided
4-Cursory
4-Lapidarist
Jars
Personal Seals
Incisions
Paleography
Typologies
Corpus
Stratigraphy
Geography
Displays
Publications
Credits
Updates
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Here is a website with over 800 pages devoted to information about, & images of, the ancient Hebrew LMLK (Lamed-Mem-Lamed-Kaf, commonly pronounced "L'melekh", meaning "belonging to the king") seal impressions found in & around Jerusalem on fragmented jar handles interpreted as royal stamps that may be referring to a Biblical king of Judah, or possibly God.
If you are unfamiliar with the LMLK phenomenon, view this 1-minute introductory movie:
Note: All 3 versions of the movie require a MIDI device for sound.
STORIES
Biblical accounts by Isaiah, the Israelite chronicler, & the Judean chronicler
Non-Biblical accounts of King Hezekiah vs. Sennacherib
Theories by archaeologists & historians
LMLK IMPRESSIONS
The HBRN inscriptions
The MMST inscriptions
The SUKE inscriptions
The ZYF inscriptions
Generic seal impressions with either "LMLK" as the only inscription or no inscriptions at all
LMLK seal impressions that cannot be classified by inscriptions
Over 1,000 handle impressions are classified throughout this website; the six pages above sort them by inscription words, & the five pages below sort them by inscription styles.
The 2-winged icons with top-register inscriptions (blank bottom registers)
The 2-winged icons with divided bottom-register inscriptions
The 2-winged icons with undivided bottom-register inscriptions
The 4-winged icons with cursory inscriptions
The 4-winged icons with lapidarist inscriptions
JARS & RELATED MARKINGS
Facts about the jars & handles (including their chemical composition)
Facts about the personal seals that accompanied some LMLK jars
Facts about the incisions over/near LMLK impressions (the Plus Mark and Concentric Circles)
ANALYSIS
Paleographic charts of Paleo-Hebrew used in the LMLK inscriptions
Lists of typologies used by scholars & the one devised for this website
Corpus compiled by Vaughn/Barkay & statistics of seals shown on this website
Stratigraphic data of excavated LMLK handles (including the Gibeon Pool time capsule)
Geographic analysis of seal distribution (site-listing & maps)
Note: Another page gives an overview of chemical analyses performed on the jars.
RESOURCES
List of museums/organizations with LMLK handles in storage &/or on display
Publications/bibliography including milestones, errata, & abbreviations
Credits, thanks, appreciation, & gratitude
Significant updates to this website along with an agenda of future changes
If you would like to contribute information to this website, please submit it via E-mail to the address shown in the menu at top-left.
NOTEWORTHY ITEMS
Anachronistic inscription incised over LMLK icon
"Bath" & "Half" LMLK inscriptions on jars
Bullae with LMLK inscriptions
Forged LMLK impression on a genuine LMLK handle
Intact Type 484 jar with LMLK seal
King Hezekiah's personal seals
LMLK impression made from another LMLK impression!!!
LMLK impression made with an extra lump of clay added to the handle
LMLK postage stamps
LMRA/LMRT/LNRA/LNRT impression from En Gedi
Ostraca with LMLK inscriptions
Rosette jars & impressions
Stamp Interpretation Tricks
Weights with incised LMLK inscriptions
Note: Depending on your browser software (at least IE5 or NS6), you may be able to view Hebrew words alongside English ones on some pages within this website (otherwise the characters may appear as question marks)--here is a test: LMLK=למלך.
Note: The LMLK Research Website is not copyrighted--its publication is open for the benefit of all interested researchers. However, if copying photos from this website, please note the credits associated with each one & request reproduction permission from the respective publishers; some photos have no credits (such as the photos of the Redondo Beach collection) & may be freely used for non-exclusive, scholarly purposes, but others may not be reproduced without permission by their respective owners as noted (the fair use of a copyrighted work for purposes such as scholarship or research is not an infringement of copyright). If linking to this website from another, please use the following HTML:
<A HREF="http://www.lmlk.com/research" TARGET="_blank">
The LMLK Research Website</A>
"Truth shall spring out of the earth..."--Psalm 85:11
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