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Bibliography

For your convenience, 3 other versions of the bibliography are provided below: If you know of another book or magazine with significant LMLK content (i.e., any photos/drawings or at least 1 page of text), please submit it via E-mail to the address shown in the menu to the left.

Sorted by Main Publication Title (Total:  304)

Note:  All photos & plates are black/white unless stated as being in color.

MAIN PUBLICATION TITLE ARTICLE TITLE AUTHOR &/or EDITOR DATE COMMENTS
'Atiqot vol. 5 En-Gedi Excavations in 1961-1962 Mazar, B.
&
Dothan, Trude
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Dunayevsky, I.		 1966 A page of analysis & photo of the LMRA impression
'Atiqot vol. 9-10 Ashdod II-III:  The Second & Third Seasons of Excavations 1963, 1965 (Text) Dothan, M. 1971 A page describing a multi-stamped G2T along with a photo
'Atiqot vol. 47 Excavations at Kikkar Safra (City Hall), Jerusalem 1989 Maeir, Aren M.
&
Bahat, Dan		 2004 A paragraph of text mentioning an S2U found in a modern context (includes handle drawings & photo)
AASOR vol. 4 for 1922-1923 Excavations & Results at Tell El-Ful (Gibeah of Saul) Bacon, Benjamin W.
&
Albright, W.F.		 1924 About a paragraph of general comments & an M2T drawing
AASOR vol. 12 for 1930-1931 Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim in Palestine, The, vol. 1:  The Pottery of the First Three Campaigns Cadbury, Henry J.
&
Albright, William Foxwell		 1932 Photos of 2 complete handles (H2U (#867) & H4C (#1068)); no significant text
AASOR vol. 21-22 for 1941-1943 Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, The, vol. 3:  The Iron Age Albright, William Foxwell
&
Kelso, James Leon
&
Thorley, J. Palin		 1943 2 pages of text (& drawings of 2 H2U impressions) in which Albright changes from the "district capitals" theory to "royal store-cities" interpretation of the inscriptions & equates MMST with Mampsis but locates it near Gezer/Zorah/Ajalon; 2 more pages (plus a photo) regarding an inscribed "BT" jar fragment that he compares to the Lachish BT LMLK; a 34-page chapter by Kelso & Thorley about pottery in general & specifics about large storage jars like Type 484
AASOR vol. 34-35 for 1954-1956 Archaeological Study of Gibeah (Tell El-Ful), An Albright, W.F.
&
Sinclair, Lawrence A.		 1960 Briefly describes 5 excavated handles & includes small photos of 3 (all x2x)
AASOR vol. 45 Third Campaign at Tell el-Ful:  The Excavations of 1964, The Freedman, David Noel
&
Lapp, Nancy L.		 1981 Discusses all Gibeah handles (1 page) & includes photos/drawings of 4 (H2D, M2D, M2T, & x2x)
Age of the Monarchies vol. 4-1:  Political History, The Hebrew Epigraphic Sources Avigad, N.
&
Malamat, Abraham		 1979 Chapter with a brief listing of major theories noting which scholars subscribe to each (2 pages)
Ain Shems Excavations (Palestine) Part IV (Pottery)   Grant, Elihu
&
Wright, G. Ernest		 1938 List of handles excavated from Beth Shemesh with 2 very small photos of M2U & Hxx handles
Ain Shems Excavations (Palestine) Part V (Text)   Grant, Elihu
&
Wright, G. Ernest		 1939 Drawing & brief description of an M2U that appears to have "LNMLK" in the top register
Alphabet:  A Key to the History of Mankind, The (2-volume set)   Diringer, David 1968 (revised 3rd edition) Volume 1 has no significant info; Volume 2 contains photos of 4 H4L, 1 S4L, & 1 Z4CI handles (not published elsewhere) plus the Lachish BT LMLK jar & 4 H4C, 1 H4L, 1 Z4L, 1 S4L, 1 H2U, 1 S2U, 1 M2U impression photos (published earlier in PEQ vol. 73)
Alte Orient, Der vol. 30 Palastina und Seine Kultur in Funf Jahrtausenden Thomsen, Peter 1932 German revision of his 1909 book, "Palastina...", with a single-page overview listing Moreseth & Moza instead of MMST (photo of 1 H4L & 2 S2U handles)
Amphoras & the Ancient Wine Trade   Grace, Virginia R. 1961 Photo of near perfect H4L (RAEL #415) with an overview of stamped jar handles found throughout the Levant
Anchor Bible Dictionary vol. 4 (K-N) Lachish Freedman, David Noel
&
Ussishkin, David		 1992 A few succinct summary paragraphs about important conclusions drawn from the major excavations there along with a photo of 3 jars
Anchor Bible Dictionary vol. 4 (K-N) MMST Freedman, David Noel
&
Lance, H. Darrell		 1992 A few paragraphs of the major geographical name theories
Anchor Bible Dictionary vol. 6 (Si-Z) Stamps, Royal Jar Handle Freedman, David Noel
&
Lance, H. Darrell		 1992 An excellent 1-page overview of the mystery with drawings of an H4L & M2D
Ancient Agriculture in the Judaean Desert   Stager, Lawrence E. January 1975 Photo of H2D with Circles & description of its context; a few pages of commentary on other sites arguing for dating LMLK handles to Josiah's reign
Ancient Hebrew Arts   Reifenberg, A. 1950 Only 2 photos of handles (S2U & H4L) with a paragraph of description
Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions:  Corpus & Concordance   Davies, G. I. 1991 Assigns numbers 105.001-020 to seals based on Lemaire's classification although he uses the hypothetical S Ia & S IIc while ignoring the O II & X II (4 pages)
Ancient Inscriptions:  Voices from the Biblical World   McCarter Jr., P. Kyle 1996 A 1-page overview/summary with drawings of an H4L & M2U (same as Naveh, 1982)
Ancient Israel at War 853-586 BC   Kelle, Brad E. 2007 Discussion of Lachish that says the inscriptions meant "for the king" from 4 "regional supply cities" (photos of Jar 5400 & M2D with Circles)
Ancient Israel:  Its Life & Institutions   de Vaux, Roland 1961 (English edition translated by John McHugh) Brief allusion to LMLK jars being produced by royal workshops & a page that uses LMLK jars to determine the volume of a bath
Ancient Near East, The   Pritchard, James B. 1958 Contains photos of an M4C & Z2D
Ancient Near East in Pictures Relating to the Old Testament, The   Pritchard, James B. 1969 (2nd edition with supplement) Contains photos of an M2D, S2DW, & Z2D
Ancient Near East vol. 2, The   Pritchard, James B. 1975 Contains photos of an M2D & S2DW
Ancient Pottery of the Holy Land   Amiran, Ruth 1970 (English edition) Contains photos of restored Type 484 jar (5461) & H2U handle
Angelos-Lehrbucher vol. 1:  Hebraishce Archaologie   Benzinger, I. 1927 German book with the same H4L drawing from PEQ vol. 31, April 1899 (only one paragraph of text)
Arad Inscriptions   Aharoni, Yohanan
&
Aharoni, Miriam
&
Rainey, Anson F.		 1981 Corpus of 9 handles excavated from Arad with a page of commentary about the lack of handles found in the southern region of Judah
Archaeological Discoveries in the Holy Land Citadel of Ramat Rahel, The Aharoni, Yohanan 1967 This chapter includes 2 photos of handles (a Z4CI & an H2D with #687-22a personal seal) & a page of text
Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land   Negev, Avraham 1980 Terse descriptions under listings for Lachish, Nasbeh, Ramat Rahel, Safi, Seals, Socoh, & Ziph (Z2U photo)
Archaeological Researches in Palestine During the Years 1873-1874, Vol. I   Clermont-Ganneau, Charles 1899 Includes drawings of 2 handles, one with Circles (later found to also have a faint H2x impression) & one with a Plus Mark
Archaeology & Old Testament Study Mizpah Diringer, D.
&
Thomas, D. Winton		 1967 Two pages about the importance of handles excavated from Nasbeh
Archaeology & the Bible   Barton, George A. May 1916 Single page summary of LMLK jars as "Israelitish" pottery that changed slightly with later editions from complete uncertainty to identify MMST in the Negeb as 1 of 4 administrative centers (includes S4L drawing by Macalister)
Archaeology & the Bible   Laughlin, John C.H. 2000 Single page summary with an H2U handle photo
Archaeology Book, The   Down, David February 2010 Single paragraph about the mystery with a color H2D handle photo
Archaeology in the Land of the Bible   Negev, Avraham 1976 One paragraph that suggests "of the government" for the meaning of "LMLK MMST" (color photo of H4L handle [IDAM P-1497])
Archaeology of Ancient Israel, The Iron Age II-III, The Ben-Tor, Amnon
&
Barkay, Gabriel		 1992 (English edition translated by R. Greenberg) Brief but comprehensive overview that emphasizes the importance of Lachish & Timnah data (2 pages of text, photos of H4L & H2U impressions & Jar 10091
Archaeology of Palestine & the Bible, The   Albright, William Foxwell 1932 Single page summary that suggests for the first time that Hezekiah established the LMLK jars & mentions 4 handles found at Tell Beit Mirsim
Archaeology of the Land of Israel, The   Aharoni, Yohanan
&
Aharoni, Miriam		 1982 (English edition translated by Anson F. Rainey) Argues for a chronological division between the 2 icons, MMST=MMSlT, & 4 districts based on an Arad ostracon (5 pages, 1 photo of handle with H2D & #687-22a personal seal)
Archaeology of the Land of the Bible 10,000-586 B.C.E.   Mazar, Amihai April 1990 A terse, excellent overview of the major theories (3 pages plus photos of an S4L, Z2U, & Timnah Jar 7202-2)
Archaeology of the Land of the Bible vol. 2   Stern, Ephraim March 2001 Briefly discusses Horvat Shilhah handle & LMLK bullae (2 pages of text with a line drawing of the Lachish bulla)
Archaeology, Stamps and Coins of the State of Israel   Zahavy, Yitzhak 31 December 2009 A few overview paragraphs (color photo of 2 Z2U handles on cover; H2D handle photo inside)
Archaeometry vol. 7 Spectrographic Investigation of Jar Handles Bearing the "Royal" Stamp of Judah, A Millett, A.
&
Pritchard, J.B.
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Ralph, E.K.		 1964 Compares chemicals in LMLK handles from Gibeon & Nasbeh with GBON fragments from Gibeon (2 pages of text plus 2 charts & 2 tables)
ASOR Blog On Shopping for Artifacts in the Holy Land:  A Response to Morag M. Kersel Grena, G.M. April 9, 2012 (published online; click here to read it)
Ausgrabungen Unter der Erloserkirche im Muristan, Jerusalem (1970-1974), Die   Vriezen, Karel J. H. 1994 German book that describes excavations by Lux (1 page with 4 drawings of S2DW, G2T, M2x, & x2x handles)
B&I Considering the Reconsidering of LMLK Chronology Grena, G.M. August 2010 (published online; click here to read it)
B&I Considering the Rejoinder to LMLK Chronology Grena, G.M. February 2012 (published online; click here to read it)
B&S vol. 2 #3 Practice of Writing in Ancient Israel, The Millard, A.R. Summer 1973 Contains the same content & photo as BA vol. 35 #5
B&S vol. 18 #1 What Are lmlk Stamps and What Were They Used For? Grena, G.M. Winter 2005 Overview of theories with an emphasis on the possible relation between the seals & the men of King Hezekiah mentioned in Proverbs 25 (5 pages of text, color photos of G2T, H2D, M2U, S4L, Z4CI handles, color map showing LMLK sites over 12-tribe territory, drawings of all 21 types)
BA vol. 12 #4 Royal Jar-Handle Stamps of Ancient Judah, The Diringer, David December 1949 An exhaustive summary of LMLK discoveries, early theories, paleographic chart/analysis, & corpus of 550 (17 pages, 3 jar photos, 14 small impression photos)
BA vol. 12 #4 Archaeological News & Views Wright, G. Ernest December 1949 One page describing the results of the first chemical analysis of LMLK handle clay
BA vol. 24 #4 Excavations at Ramat Rahel Aharoni, Yohanan December 1961 One page of text & 2 photos (M2D & H4L)
BA vol. 30 #2 Gezer in the Land & in History Lance, H. Darrell May 1967 A page of text that briefly considers why any LMLK handles were found at Gezer, & suggests that both icons date to Josiah's reign (includes the famous photo of 1 H4L & 2 S2U handles & mistakenly alludes to it representing Gezer artifacts, which is not a serious error since both icons were found at Gezer)
BA vol. 35 #4 Practice of Writing in Ancient Israel, The Millard, A.R. December 1972 Only 1 paragraph that alludes to the "fixed capacity" theory (photo of 1 H4L & 2 S2U handles--even though he describes one as "Ziph")
BA vol. 38 #2 Israel at the Close of the Period of the Monarchy:  An Archaeological Survey Stern, Ephraim May 1975 Includes about 6 pages that analyze the LMLK seals & weights with analogous usage of contemporaries; attempts to reclassify x4x LMLK--1, x2x LMLK--2, rosettes--3, & circles--4 (photo of 1 H4L & 2 S2U handles)
BA vol. 48 #3 Israel, Judah, and Ammon and the Motifs on the Baalis Seal from Tell el-'Umeiri Younker, Randall W. September 1985 Discusses winged scarabs with solar dung balls (1 page with a drawing of Gibeon M4C #523)
BA vol. 58 #3 Hezekiah's Reforms & the Revolt Against Assyria Borowski, Oded September 1995 Detailed archaeological evidence for King Hezekiah's reformation with an emphasis on altars at Arad, Beersheba, Rimmon, & Lachish (7 pages plus a photo of Jar 10074)
BAR vol. 5 #6 Answers at Lachish Ussishkin, David Nov/Dec 1979 About 4 pages of text presenting internal evidence based on LMLK jars vs. external evidence based on Samarian pottery regarding the dating of Lachish strata (photo/drawing of an S2U, color photo/drawing of H4L, & Jar 10091)
BAR vol. 15 #1 Excavating in Samson Country Kelm, George L.
&
Mazar, Amihai		 Jan/Feb 1989 Briefly mentions the handles found at Timnah but includes color photos of handle 7280 & some crushed jars in situ
BAR vol. 23 #2 No Trained Epigraphist Would Confuse the Two McCarter Jr., P. Kyle Mar/Apr 1997 Single-page defense of the Siloam Inscription's 8th-century authenticity compared to other inscriptions from then (color photo of M2U)
BAR vol. 23 #5 Royal Rosettes Fit for a King Cahill, Jane M. Sep/Oct 1997 Primarily discusses rosettes on stamped jar handles but also shows photos of them in Hittite/Assyrian art (about 5 pages of text, photo of H4L, color photo of M2U)
BAR vol. 28 #1 Return to Aroer:  A Trip Through the Ages with the Ageless Avraham Biran Feldman, Steven Jan/Feb 2002 Color photo of a Z2U handle; no significant text
BAR vol. 28 #4 Lasting Impressions:  New Bullae Reveal Egyptian-Style Emblems on Judah's Royal Seals Deutsch, Robert Jul/Aug 2002 A tremendous, landmark article that presents 3 of King Hezekiah's personal seals based on 6 impressions including one with 2 ankhs beside a winged disc, a bulla from King Ahaz's personal seal, & 4 other bullae from servants of Hezekiah plus a discussion of iconography & plene/defectiva orthography (9 pages, an epigraphy chart, photos of 11 bullae (with drawings), the sealed Elephantine papyrus, & a Z2D handle)
BAR vol. 29 #3 Mounds of Mystery:  Where the Kings of Judah Were Lamented Barkay, Gabriel May/Jun 2003 Presents an overview of 19 tumuli & interprets #4 as belonging to King Hezekiah based mostly on 2 LMLK handles & 2 handles with circles excavated there (small color photos of Z2D & x4L handles)
BAR vol. 31 #4 Why Lachish Matters:  A Major Site Gets the Publication It Deserves King, Philip J. Jul/Aug 2005 Presents an excellent, comprehensive overview of Lachish data, but erroneously states all LMLK handles came from Level 3 (color photos of H4L & S2U stamps)
BAR vol. 31 #5 Discovering Hebron:  The City of the Patriarchs Slowly Yields Its Secrets Chadwick, Jeffrey R. Sep/Oct 2005 Presents an excellent overview of excavations at Hebron focusing on Bronze Age data (color photo of van der Veen's H2U)
BAR vol. 32 #5 Royal Palace, Royal Portrait?:  The Tanatalizing Possibilities of Ramat Rahel Barkay, Gabriel Sep/Oct 2006 Argues for MMST = Ramat Rahel (photo of M2D handle & painted shard, theoretically depicting King Hezekiah)
BAR vol. 33 #2 Mystery of Nechushtan, The Shanks, Hershel Mar/Apr 2007 Reviews Swanson's argument that the icons are Egyptian symbols, & their disuse demonstrates loyalty to Assyria (color photo of M2U)
BAR vol. 34 #3 Nebi Samwil:  Where Samuel Crowned Israel's First King Magen, Yitzhak May/Jun 2008 Argues for this being the site of Mizpah instead of Tell en-Nasbeh (very small color photo of H2T, Z2D, & 2 x2x handles)
BASOR 43 First Campaign of Excavation at Beth-zur, The Sellers, O.R.
&
Albright, W.F.		 October 1931 Briefly mentions 11 handles with small photos of 5
BASOR 109 MMST & MSH Ginsberg, H.L. February 1948 A 2-page presentation/analysis of the MMST=MMSLT theory based on MSH=Mizpah
BASOR 142 Explorations in the Judaean Buqe'ah Cross Jr., Frank M.
&
Milik, J.T.		 April 1956 Photo of an x2x handle (described by the authors as an M2x) & a footnote description of where it was excavated
BASOR 158 Late Royal Seals From Judah Lapp, Paul W. April 1960 An exhaustive analysis of all aspects of the seals/jars with an excellent emphasis on scripts including a table of inscription drawings & a critical paleographic study of Diringer's classes (11 pages)
BASOR 163 Fourfold Division of Judah, The Yadin, Yigael October 1961 Argues for the theory that the 4 city names were key places within defensive zones & the LMLK jars stored state provisions collected within those zones (7 pages)
BASOR 179 Royal Weights & Measures Rainey, A.F. October 1965 Presents an Assyrian analogy for interpreting LMLK inscriptions as "for the king from (H, M, S, Z)" (2 pages)
BASOR 201 Royal Israelite Seal (?) & the Royal Jar Handle Stamps (part 2), A Tushingham, A.D. February 1971 Argues for the theories that the 4-winged icon was a northern kingdom symbol, the 2-winged icon was a southern kingdom symbol, both evolved from Egyptian & Assyrian designs, & all LMLK stamps are from Josiah's reign (13 pages)
BASOR 223 Royal Judean Storage Jars & Private Seal Impressions Ussishkin, David October 1976 An excellent presentation of the first 2 reconstructed Lachish jars (10457 & 10074) with LMLK & personal seals on handles of the same jar, plus an investigation of similar handle groups found in the original Lachish excavations & at Tell Beit Mirsim (13 pages, 21 photos, 7 drawings)
BASOR 245 Wine from the Royal Vineyards Rainey, A.F. Winter 1982 Argues for LMLK jars being from King Hezekiah's 4 royal wineries in the Judean hill country (5 pages)
BASOR 248 Three Seasons of Excavations at Tel Batash--Biblical Timnah Kelm, George L.
&
Mazar, Amihai		 Fall 1982 About a page of text describing 8 LMLK handles & 1 personal seal (photos of an x4L & M2U)
BASOR 261 Hezekiah's Fortified Cities & the LMLK Stamps Na'aman, Nadav February 1986 Argues for the theories that the city list in 2Chronicles 11 was attributed to Rehoboam in error, SUKE is north of Hebron, MMST is north of Jerusalem, & the purpose was an emergency military-supplies build-up; also provides an excellent comprehensive summary (17 pages, 1 map drawing of cities)
BASOR 271 2 Chr 11:5-10 Fortified Cities List & the LMLK Stamps--Reply to Nadav Na'aman Garfinkel, Yosef August 1988 Debates the relationship between LMLK sites & Rehoboam's city-list with a corpus showing LMLK quantities per excavated site (4 pages, 1 table)
BASOR 271 Date of 2 Chronicles 11:5-10--A Reply to Y. Garfinkel, The Na'aman, Nadav August 1988 Debates the relationship between LMLK sites & Rehoboam's city-list by reaffirming data presented in BASOR 261 (3 pages)
BASOR 287 New Evidence Bearing on the Two-Winged LMLK Stamp Tushingham, A.D. August 1992 Presents evidence from Jerusalem excavations for associating the 4-winged icon with the northern kingdom of Israel & the 2-winged icon with the southern kingdom of Judah with the implication of continued 2-winged use from Hezekiah to Josiah; also suggests that the LMRA seal belongs to Gedaliah (5 pages)
BASOR 304 New Readings of Hezekian Official Seal Impressions Barkay, Gabriel
&
Vaughn, Andrew G.		 November 1996 Revisions for 23 personal seals with excellent photos & line drawings (26 pages, 28 photos, 28 drawings)
BASOR 313 Palaeographic Dating of Judaean Seals & Its Significance for Biblical Research Vaughn, Andrew G. February 1999 Demonstrates via paleographic analysis how Hebrew inscriptions cannot be precisely dated in the late 8th to late 7th centuries B.C. & includes an exhaustive table containing almost every letter from LMLK personal seals (16 pages of text, 11 photos, 11 tables of script drawings--1 of them extends over 4 pages!)
BASOR Supplement No. 23:  Preliminary Reports of ASOR-Sponsored Excavations 1981-83 Tel Batash (Timnah) Excavations, Second Preliminary Report (1981-1983) Kelm, George L.
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Mazar, Amihai
&
Rast, Walter E.		 1985 Brief overview of LMLK jars & handles found in Building 737 & a proposal to explain jars & handles found in the 7th-century stratum with Rosette jars (2 pages)
Beer-Sheba I:  Excavations at Tel Beer-Sheba 1969-1971 Seasons   Aharoni, Yohanan 1973 Presents the first pithos jar with LMLK stamps proving they were not exclusive to Type 484 jars, argues for dating the LMLK seals to Hezekiah's reign, & refutes Tushingham's proposal regarding the 4-winged icon as the Israelite emblem (2 pages of text, photo of the pithos handle, & line drawings of unstamped pithoi)
Bible Side-Lights from the Mound of Gezer   Macalister, R.A. Stewart 1906 Includes a chapter, "The Craftsmen of Judah", with a creative interpretation of 1Chronicles 4:16-23 based on the LMLK inscriptions (14 pages, 1 plate of 3 handles (2 S2U & 1 H4L))
Biblical Archaeology   Paul, Shalom M.
&
Dever, William G.		 1973 Discusses measures of volume & tax collection (1 page plus photos of LMLK ostracon & S4L handle)
Biblical Archaeology:  Documents from the British Museum   Mitchell, T.C. July 1988 One page overview with inscription drawings, Bible references, & modern town names; prefers MMST=Emmaus for Districts theory (H2U, M2U, S2U, & Z4L photos)
Biblical Period Hebrew Bullae--The Josef Chaim Kaufman Collection   Deutsch, Robert 2003 Includes photos of 6 LMLK bulla & 4 bullae from King Hezekiah's personal seals
Biblical World vol. 17, The Exploration & Discovery:  Jar-Handles Wright, Theodore F. February 1901 Single page suggested interpretation of "for Moloch" or "for the lord" (drawing of H4L handle & impression)
Biblisches Reallexikon   Galling, Kurt 1937 German dictionary with an entry for "Krugstempel" (jar-stamp) that suggests they indicate taxes for an Assyrian military establishment after making Judah part of Philistia (1 page with drawings of a Z4CI & S2U)
Biblisches Reallexikon (BRL2)   Welten, P.
&
Galling, Kurt		 1977 German dictionary with a general overview paragraph under "Siegel und Stempel" (seal & stamp) & line drawings of an H4C, H4L, S2U, M2D, & Z2D
Book & the Spade (#883 & 884), The Hezekiah & L'Melech Handles I & II Vaughn, Andy
&
Govier, Gordon		 January 2003 A 24-minute radio interview (originally recorded in the Fall of 2002 & broadcast in January of 2003 in 2 parts) that succinctly explains the difference between Samuel/Kings & Chronicles, & notes how LMLK handles support the reliability of Chronicles
Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society vol. XXIV #2-3 Excavations at Ramat Rahel (Second Season, 1959) Aharoni, Y. 1960 Hebrew report summarizing all finds (55 pages with 8 drawings of H4L, Z4CI, Z2D, H2D, M2U impressions; 6 H4L, Z4CI, Z2D, H2D, M2U photos)
Bulletin of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society vol. XII Petrographical Examination of Pottery Kallner [Amiran], Ruth B.
&
Vroman, J.		 1945-1946 Hebrew report of the first LMLK chemical analysis (5 pages)
Canaan d'Apres l'Exploration Recente   Vincent, Hugues 1907 French book with a brief argument for locating the royal potteries in the area of Hebron (4 pages of text; 1 plate of 3 handles (2 S2U & 1 H4L))
Catalogue of the Western Asiatic Seals in the British Museum:  Stamp Seals III   Mitchell, T. C.
&
Searight, Ann		 2007 3 pages with 8 drawings of stamps from Tell ed-Duweir (catalog #797-806)
Catholic Biblical Quarterly vol. 64 #3 Reassessment of Hezekiah's Reform in Light of Jar Handles & Iconographic Evidence, A Swanson, Kristin A. July 2002 About 9 pages of text exploring the relevance of LMLK icons to the report in 2Kings of Hezekiah breaking the serpent pole of Moses, all being Egyptian symbols, their disuse indicating submission to Assyria
Century of Excavation in Palestine, A   Macalister, R.A.S. 1925 About 3 pages of text reiterating the theory that the 4 words are potters or potter families listed in 1Chronicles 4, & a drawing of an H4L handle
Citadel of Beth-Zur, The   Sellers, Ovid Rogers 1933 Briefly mentions 11 handles with small photos of 5
Cite de David, Campagne de 1913-1914, La   Weill, Raymond 1920 French book that wonders if hundreds of human remains found at Jerusalem may represent Sennacherib's failure there (less than a page of text plus an H2D stamp drawing)
Colle di Rachele (Ramat Rahel), Il   Garbini, Giovanni December 1960 Italian introduction to the Ramat Rahel excavations with an intriguing overview of the theories (3 pages of text plus an M2D handle photo)
Complete Guide to the Temple Mount Excavations, The   Mazar, Eilat 2002 Provides a comprehensive overview of archaeological activity in Jerusalem by various excavators (drawings of an S4L handle & the 1868 shaft/gallery where Warren found the first LMLK handles)
Congress Volume:  Jerusalem 1986 Hebrew Seals & Sealings & Their Significance for Biblical Research Avigad, N.
&
Emerton, J.A.		 1988 Includes a 1-page overview with an emphasis on theories surrounding Rehoboam's fortified city-list
Conquest of Lachish by Sennacherib, The   Ussishkin, David 1982 About 2 pages explaining how the excavations of Lachish helped resolve the dating of LMLK handles, but it also contains several large fold-out pages of photos & drawings that show the graphic details on Sennacherib's Lachish reliefs (photos of 4 restored jars, 2 H4Ls, 1 H2U, 1 S2U)
Corpus Of West Semitic Stamp Seals   Avigad, Nahman
&
Sass, Benjamin		 1997 Contains a chapter listing most of the known personal seals with descriptions & photos
Denkmaler Palastinas   Watzinger, Carl 1933 German book with a page that identifies the 2-winged icon as an Assyrian coat-of-arms & states that the jars contained taxes of wine (includes drawings of an S4L & S2U)
Digging Up Biblical History vol. 1   Duncan, J. Garrow 1931 Mentions Hxx handles excavated from Kirjath-Sepher with 1 H4L drawing borrowed from "Excavations in Palestine..." by Bliss--it doesn't necessarily represent the ones that Duncan excavated
Digging Up Biblical History vol. 2   Duncan, J. Garrow 1931 Discusses 8 handles excavated from debris on the eastern face of the city wall of Zion (2 pages of text & drawings of 2 M2U & 2 S2U impressions borrowed from PEQ v32 7-1900 by Bliss--they don't represent the 8 that Duncan excavated)
DigSight Issue 15 Southern Surveys Khirbet Shuweikeh--Tel Socoh Hasel, Michael G. Fall 2010 Description of a surface survey (1 page; color photos of H2D & Personal handles)
Discovering Jerusalem   Avigad, Nahman 1983 (first American edition) Contains about a page of text discussing handles found in Jerusalem with photos of an H2D, M2D, x4C (pithos), Z4CI, & a handle with both a personal seal & circles
Early History of the Alphabet:  An Introduction to West Semitic Epigraphy & Paleography   Naveh, Joseph 1982 Drawings of an H4L & M2U (same as McCarter, 1996); no significant text
Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land vol. 3 (Ji-N) Judeideh, Tell Avi-Yonah, Michael
&
Stern, Ephraim
&
Broshi, M.		 1977 Briefly mentions LMLK handles excavated at Moresheth-Gath & provides excellent photos of H4L & S2U impressions
Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land vol. 3 (Ji-N) Lachish Avi-Yonah, Michael
&
Stern, Ephraim
&
Ussishkin, D.		 1977 Briefly mentions LMLK handles & jars excavated at Lachish with a photo of 3 jars
Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land vol. 4 (O-Z) Qasile, Tell Avi-Yonah, Michael
&
Stern, Ephraim
&
Dothan, Trude
&
Dunayevsky, I.		 1978 Describes the incised LMLK ostracon & includes a photo
Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land vol. 4 (O-Z) Ramat Rahel Avi-Yonah, Michael
&
Stern, Ephraim
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Aharoni, Y.		 1978 Briefly mentions LMLK handles excavated at Ramat Rahel & provides a photo of an H2D & #687-22a personal seal on the same handle
Encyclopedia of Bible Life   Miller, Madeleine S.
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Miller, J. Lane		 1944 Briefly describes an H2U from Lachish at the Metropolitan Museum of Art & presents a very small photo of the handle
Ephemeris fur Semitische Epigraphik   Lidzbarski, Mark 1902 German bibliography with comments about LMLK articles (about 7 pages of text & a drawing of an H4L)
Epigrafia Ebraica Antica 1935-1950, L'   Moscati, Sabatino 1951 Italian book with a 15-page chapter emphasizing the Bath LMLK Jar & the handles from Lachish & Nasbeh (includes all 45 photos from their respective excavation reports, a line drawing of the controversial M2U from Beth Shemesh, & the LMLK Ostracon)
Eretz-Israel:  Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies vol. 6 Hebrew Jar-Stamps from Ramat Rahel Aharoni, Y. 1960 Hebrew chapter from his summer '59 excavations (5 pages including a page of impression drawings & 1 photo of a handle with an H2D & #687-22a personal seal impressions)
Eretz-Israel:  Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies vol. 9 Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem, The Mazar, Benjamin 1969 Hebrew chapter with a Z2D handle photo
Eretz-Israel:  Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies vol. 9 Judean Stamps Cross Jr., Frank Moore 1969 Argues for the theories that LMLKs belong to King Josiah, they signified a standardized, royal measure of wine indicated by vintage names, & the personal seal belonged to potters (7 pages including a detailed discussion of seals that mention potters such as the YHD types)
Eretz-Israel:  Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies vol. 15 Classification des Estampilles Royales Judeennes Lemaire, Andre 1981 French chapter that analyzes the Diringer/Lapp/Aharoni & Welten typologies, systematically points out the faults of Welten's system, then establishes a new classification & cross-references it to Welten's; also questions whether there is any correspondence between personal seal names & LMLK seal types (6 pages plus 1 plate of 19 small impression photos)
Eretz-Israel:  Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies vol. 15 Aroer in the Negev Biran, A.
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Cohen, R.		 1981 Hebrew chapter with a Z2U handle photo
Eretz-Israel:  Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies vol. 17 "Border Road" Between Michmash & Jericho & the Excavations at Horvat Shilhah, The Mazar, A.
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Amit, D.
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Ilan, Z.		 1984 Hebrew chapter with a Z2D handle photo & drawings
Eretz-Israel:  Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies vol. 18 Between Judah & Philistia:  Timnah (Tel Batash) in the Iron Age II Mazar, A. 1985 Hebrew chapter about the Timnah excavation that includes photos of an M2U, Z2U, & the inverted S4L handles
Eretz-Israel:  Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies vol. 18 Hierarchic Pattern in the Private Seal-Impressions on the LMLK Jar-Handles, A Garfinkel, Y. 1985 Hebrew chapter that proposes 3 classes of personal seal owners:  inter-regional, regional, & local (8 pages including charts)
Eretz-Israel:  Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies vol. 23 Group of Stamped Handles from Judah, A Barkay, Gabriel 1992 Hebrew chapter discussing 36 handles (17 LMLKs; 14 personals (7 different names); 5 miscellaneous) from an illicit excavation possibly at Tell Beit Mirsim (16 pages including many small photos of the handles (15 LMLKs))
Everyday Life in Old Testament Times   Heaton, E. W. 1956 Includes a page discussing the LMLK jars relative to taxation in Israel (drawings of restored Lachish jars, Z4CI & S2U stamps, & the Lachish BT LMLK jar)
Excavation of Gezer 1902-1905 & 1907-1909 vol. 2, The   Macalister, R.A. Stewart 1912 Includes a page of text regarding an M2T seal & a drawing of it along with a brief reiteration of his 1Chronicles 4 interpretation (also includes a drawing of a LMLK weight)
Excavations & Surveys in Israel 1988/89 vol. 7-8 Tel Yizre'el 1987/1988 Yogev, O. 1990 Photo & drawing of M2D found at Jezreel
Excavations at Jericho vol. 4:  The Pottery Type Series & Other Finds Iron Age & Hellenistic Stamped Jar Handles from Tell Es-Sultan Kenyon, K.M.
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Holland, T.A.
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Bartlett, J.R.		 1982 The first page of the appendix describes the 2 handles found at Jericho (x2x photo & drawing)
Excavations at Ramat Rahel:  Seasons 1959 & 1960   Aharoni, Yohanan 1962 Contains about 13 pages of text covering all aspects of LMLK research with statistical charts, 4 pages of line drawings, & 4 pages of plates showing 22 impressions
Excavations at Ramat Rahel:  Seasons 1961 & 1962   Aharoni, Yohanan 1964 Contains about 2 pages of text with statistical charts & 2 pages of plates showing 23 impressions
Excavations in Jerusalem 1961-1967 Volume I   Tushingham, A.D. 1985 Discusses excavations in the Armenian Garden on the Western Hill; although he says that all the LMLK handles were Class III, one of his drawings (Fig. 9.27) shows an x4x (1 page of text, 14 stamp drawings)
Excavations in Palestine During the Years 1898-1900   Bliss, Frederick Jones
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Macalister, R.A. Stewart		 1902 Includes a 13-page chapter analyzing 80 handles (18 specific ones illustrated) recovered from the Shephelah mounds with comparisons of theories for the icons, inscriptions, & dating (photo of 3 handles (2 S2U & 1 H4L) & the first LMLK paleography chart)
Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Near the Temple Mount, The   Mazar, B. 1971 Includes a photo of an excellent Z2U impression; no significant text
Expository Times vol. 12, The MMST--Mampsis Hommel, Fritz October 1900 - September 1901 One-paragraph thesis with ancient references to Mampsis
First Preliminary Report on the Excavations at Tel Gat (Tell Sheykh 'Ahmed el-Areyny) Seasons 1956-1958   Yeivin, Shemuel 1961 (written 12-30-1958) Brief description of 8 handles that suggests an identification of this site with MMST, thereby interpreting the 4 words as regional centres (2 pages of text, S2U & M2D handle photos)
Forty New Ancient West Semitic Inscriptions   Deutsch, R.
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Heltzer, M.		 1994 Brief descriptions of a LMLK weight & an unprovenanced H2U handle with a #687-22a personal seal (includes photos & line drawings)
From Antiquity to the Present Administration in Judah in the 8th and 7th Centuries B.C. Millard, Alan 2008 Suggests LMLKs collected & distributed produce brought to centres as tax or given out as payment beginning with Ahaz for annual Assyrian tribute (2 pages within 9 total about weights & general admin)
Gezer II:  Report of the 1967-70 Seasons in Fields I & II vol. 2   Dever, William G.
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Cole, Dan P.		 1974 Includes a photo of an unclear H4L handle; no significant text
Gezer III:  Text   Gitin, Seymour 1990 Explains the differences between LMLK 2- & 4-handled jars (his Types 4A & 4B; Tufnell's Types 484 & 467)
Gibeon, Where the Sun Stood Still   Pritchard, James B. 1962 About 2 pages of text mentioning theories for royal potteries or wine vintages with photos of Z2D & M4C impressions
LRW G.M. Grena's Review of RAEL Grena, G.M. January 2005 (published online; click here to read it)
Gods, Goddesses, & Images of God in Ancient Israel   Keel, Othmar
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Uehlinger, Christoph		 1998 (English edition translated by Thomas H. Trapp) About a page of content that concentrates on the scarab & disc icons (drawings of Welten's H IA 1, H IB 1, M IIA 3, S IIA 1, Z IIB 1)
Guide to Israel, The   Vilnay, Zev 1960 Drawings of the Gezer weight, an M2D handle found at Gath with unusual or misdrawn downward wings, the Lachish bath jar & an H4C, & a brief description of Mamshit (i.e., Mampsis)
Hadashot Arkheologiyot vol. 119 Khirbat el Mas'ud Nagorsky, Alla 2007 English version of 11/2/2007 Hebrew report of September 2003 salvage excavation, where an S2DW handle was discovered just north of the northern Sokoh (1 page with color handle photo)
Hadashot Arkheologiyot vol. 119 Nahal Yo'el Final Report Baruch, Yuval 2007 English version of 9/5/2007 Hebrew report of October 2002 salvage excavation, where an "H2x" handle was discovered, but the drawing more closely resembles a Z2D
Hadashot Arkheologiyot vol. 120 Jerusalem, Arnona Final Report Nagar, Annette 2008 English version of 3/8/2008 Hebrew report of May 2006 salvage excavation, where an S4L handle was discovered near Kefar 'Ezyon Street (Kfar Etsyon Street; 1 page with color handle photo)
Handbook of Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions   Ahituv, Shmuel 1992 Hebrew book with a LMLK overview paragraph & another paragraph about the Eltolad LMLK bulla (photos of H4L & S4L stamps, H2U, M2D, S2U, Z2D, & Z2U handles, & the Eltolad bulla)
Harper's New Monthly Magazine vol. 43 #254 [Review of] "The Recovery of Jerusalem" Abbott, Lyman July 1871 Mentions Warren's handles with Phoenician characters & includes his 2 drawings
Hasmodia newspaper   Deutsch, Shaul Shimon 18 August 2004 Single-page ad announcing newly acquired jar at The Living Torah Museum with description of Assyrian conquest of Lachish & defeat at Jerusalem (photos of Jars 10091, 8162 from Lachish, the LMLK SMN SPR jar, & Warren's original Z2D stamp)
Hebrew Inscriptions and Stamps from Gibeon   Pritchard, James B. 1959 Describes 80 LMLK handles found by the University of Pennsylvania's excavations at Tell el-Jib mostly in the pool; includes a corpus of legible types from other sites & a detailed analysis of circle incisions (8 pages of text, photos of 16 impressions, drawings of 10 types & 7 handle cross-sections)
Hebrew Scripts, The:  Part One, The Text   Birnbaum, Solomon A. 1971 Provides a detailed, verbal description of the letter formations of Diringer's 3 types (2 pages including sample paleography drawings)
Hebrew Scripts, The:  Part Two, The Plates, 1954-1957   Birnbaum, Solomon A. 1957 Photos of an H4L, the controversial M2U from Beth Shemesh, an S2U, & a Z2U
Histoire de l'Art dans l'Antiquite, Tome IV, Judee   Perrot, Georges
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Chipiez, Charles		 1887 French book that sides with Clermont-Ganneau's 1883 article over Greene's from 1881 (2 pages & Z2D handle illustration)
History of Ancient Israel & Judah, A   Miller, J. Maxwell
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Hayes, John H.		 1986 Single-page overview that argues against the reliability of Chronicles pertaining to Hezekiah (S2U photo)
Holy Land Philatelist:  Israel's Stamp Monthly, The About the Flying Scroll Pollack, F.W. September 1955 Report of a lecture given by Immanuel Ben-Dor of the Dept. of Antiquities of the Ministry of Education for Israel (accompanied by photo of all 5 postage stamps)
HTR vol. 64 #2-3 Kleine Beitrage zur Siedlungsgeschichte der Stamme Asser und Juda Kuschke, Arnulf April-July 1971 German article that mentions an x2x handle excavated from "Eswa'" (Estaol; includes handle drawing)
HTR vol. 64 #2-3 Royal Stamps & the Kingdom of Josiah, The Lance, H. Darrell April-July 1971 An excellent analysis of the LMLK handles excavated from Gibeon, Ramat Rahel, Lachish (the bulk of the discussion), Gezer, & Jerusalem concluding in support of King Josiah's usage over King Hezekiah's by believing Lachish 3 was not destroyed by Sennacherib (18 pages)
HTR vol. 72 #1-2 Hezekiah's Reform & the Deuteronomistic Tradition Rosenbaum, Jonathan January-April 1979 Article that includes a page about LMLK theories explaining that Hezekiah's dominion was superior to Josiah's irrespective of any theory
'I Will Speak the Riddles of Ancient Times':  Archaeological & Historical Studies in Honor of Amihai Mazar on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday vol. 2 Function of the m(w)sh-Stamped Jars Revisited, The Edelman, Diana
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Maeir, A. M.
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de Miroschedji, P.		 2006 Mostly reviews Mozah theories in the Babylonian rather than Persian period, & draws some parallels to LMLKs (13 pages overall, but only about 2 with specific LMLK content)
'I Will Speak the Riddles of Ancient Times':  Archaeological & Historical Studies in Honor of Amihai Mazar on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday vol. 2 lmlk Jar-Form Redefined:  A New Class of Iron Age II Oval-Shaped Storage Jar, The Gitin, Seymour
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Maeir, A. M.
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de Miroschedji, P.		 2006 Proposes a new classification system combining LMLKs & Rosettes, stamped & unstamped, 4- & 2-handled jars spanning 2 centuries (17 pages, small drawings of 3 LMLK-stamped jars)
IEJ vol. 3 #2 Another bat-le-melekh Inscription Avigad, N. 1953 Proposes a new interpretation of a sherd from Nasbeh based on the BT LMLK found at Lachish (2 pages, 1 photo, 1 drawing)
IEJ vol. 6 #3 Excavations at Ramath Rahel, 1954 Aharoni, Y. 1956 Briefly mentions the first 2 handles (x2xR & Z2D) found in the first season along with their photos
IEJ vol. 8 #1 Negeb of Judah, The Aharoni, Y. 1958 Photos of an x4L & handles with Plus Marks from Tell 'Ira (Khirbat al-Gharra); no significant text
IEJ vol. 8 #2 New Light on the MSH Seal Impressions Avigad, N. 1958 Argues for the association of MSH with Mosah instead of Mizpah & includes a page of text drawing an analogy to the interpretation of MMST as an abbreviation for MMSLT
IEJ vol. 14 #3 Excavations at Tel Arad:  Preliminary Report on the First Season, 1962 Aharoni, Y.
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Amiran, Ruth		 1964 Photo of an S4L handle & a paragraph of text mentioning 4 others
IEJ vol. 18 #4 Jar Inscriptions from Shiqmona Cross Jr., F.M. 1968 Presents drawings of 2 Persian-era, Phoenician-cursive, ink-written ostraca ("Ben Matton, 25 LMLK wine of Gat Karmel") with a brief comparison to the LMLK seals (8 pages including a paleography chart)
IEJ vol. 20 #3-4 Excavations in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem, 1970 (2nd Preliminary Report) Avigad, N. 1970 Includes a photo of an H2D handle; no significant text
IEJ vol. 20 #3-4 Review of P. Welten's "Die Konigs-Stempel" Aharoni, Y. 1970 While complimenting the exhaustive content, Aharoni criticizes Welten's division of 2-winged icons & contradictory interpretation of archaeological reports--especially relating to Josiah's reign (2 pages)
IEJ vol. 34 #2-3 Provenience of the LMLK Jars, The Mommsen, H.
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Perlman, I.
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Yellin, J.		 1984 Provides an excellent, comprehensive LMLK summary along with detailed chemical analysis of LMLK-related pottery from over 100 handles (including Type 484 jars with all seal types, pithoi, & several complete jars) drawing the conclusion that all Type 484 jars were made from clays which are indistinguishable (25 pages including 8 tables)
IEJ vol. 39 #1-2 LMLK Stamp from Beth-El, A Eshel, Hanan 1989 Presents alternative interpretations of sparse LMLK handles found beyond Judah's borders (3 pages plus photo & drawing of an x4L)
IEJ vol. 40 #4 Two Hebrew 'Fiscal' Bullae Avigad, N. 1990 Detailed presentation/analysis of the Eltolad LMLK bulla (4 pages, front & profile photos)
IEJ vol. 45 #1 King of Babylonia or a Judaean Official?, The Barkay, Gabriel 1995 Presents 5 major reasons for interpreting the LMRA seal as a LMLK personal seal instead of a later period seal representing a king or governor (6 pages, 2 photos, 1 drawing)
IEJ vol. 45 #4 Rosette Stamp Seal Impressions from Ancient Judah Cahill, Jane M. 1995 The landmark study of jars resembling Type 484 including a comprehensive classification system & frequent comparisons to LMLK jars (23 pages including 15 photos showing 12 rosette handles & 2 rosette jars, drawings of handle cross-sections, corpus chart, distribution map, & stratification table)
IEJ vol. 54 #2 Rosette-stamped Handles:  Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis Yellin, Joseph
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Cahill, Jane M.		 2004 Provides results of a chemical analysis of Rosette handles, & compares them to LMLK Type 484 handles & LMLK pithoi (21 pages including 4 tables & 2 graphs)
Im Schatten Deiner Flugel   Keel, Othmar
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Staubli, Thomas		 2001 German book that suggests the scarab icon on LMLK seals represents YHWH as the God of Jerusalem with a presentation of Christian dove art implying a continuity of iconographic tradition (color photo of H4C & S4L handles)
Inscribed Seals from First Temple   Hestrin, Ruth
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Dayagi-Mendels, Michal		 1978 Hebrew book with photo of H2D handle with #687-22a personal seal
Inscriptions Reveal   Carmon, Efrat
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Hestrin, Ruth		 1973 (2nd ed.; English translation by R. Grafman) Includes a page of discussion written in Hebrew & English with photos of Jar 60-501 & handles with H2D (with #687-22a personal seal), H2U, H4L, M2D, S4L, & Z2D impressions along with many other artifacts & an excellent paleography chart
Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, The Seals & Scarabs Tufnell, O.
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Buttrick, George Arthur		 1962 Brief summary of royal symbols & stamps used by wine exporters (H4C, H4L, & H2U stamp photos)
Investigations at Lachish:  The Sanctuary & the Residency (Lachish V)   Aharoni, Yohanan 1975 One page of text describing 15 impressions (1 plate of 15 photos)
Iscrizioni Antico-Ebraiche Palestinesi, Le   Diringer, David Dec 1934 Italian book with a comprehensive chapter on LMLK seals & the Gezer weight with an extensive bibliography (16 pages; photo of 1 H4L & 2 S2U plus 21 crude drawings based on other drawings)
Israel in Antiquity   Jewish Museum (New York), The 1982 A page of general overview along with photos of an H4L & H2U from Lachish
Israel Philatelist vol. 34 #1/2, The Nature & Origin of the Flying Scroll Design Farber, William D. February 1983 Provides background details on how the 2-winged LMLK seal design was chosen for Israel's first postage stamps in 1948 (7 pages; photos of Jar 5461 & H2U handle; drawings of Z4CI, S4L, & S2U stamps; Aharoni's 12 Judean Districts map)
Israel Philatelist vol. 57 #3, The Part 1 (Flying Scroll) Digging Deeper into the 1948 Festival Stamps Grena, G.M. June 2006 Archaeological update for Israel's first postage stamps in 1948 with an emphasis on the original design (4 pages; Z2U illustration & its matching impression photo; color photo of 2 Z2U handles from the Redondo Beach collection)
Israel Pocket Library:  Archaeology   Avi-Yonah, Michael 1974 Compiled from material originally published in the Encyclopaedia Judaica; no editor/author, but Avi-Yonah wrote the book's intro. & co-authored the Hebron section, which includes an H4L photo
JBS issue 1:2 Reading Religious Artifacts:  The Shrine Room at Judahite Tell Halif Jacobs, Paul Apr/Jun 2001 Provides details about 2 restored "lamelek type" storage jars
Jericho:  Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen   Sellin, Ernst
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Watzinger, Carl		 1913 German book with a paragraph of description & photo of an S2DR handle
Jerusalem Archaeological Park, The   Reich, Ronny
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Avni, Gideon
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Winter, Tamar		 1999 Guidebook for tourists to excavation sites around Jerusalem (no significant text, but includes 1911 M2T drawing)
Jerusalem:  Excavating 3000 Years of History   Kenyon, Kathleen M. 1967 Only 2 photos of handles (S2U & H4L) from Lachish with a paragraph of description
Jewish Encyclopedia vol. 10 Philipson-Samoscz, The Pottery Singer, Isidore
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Hirsch, Emil G.
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Bliss, Frederick J.		 1905 Description of Jewish Period stamps that compares the theories of Bliss & Macalister--Royal Potteries vs. District Centers, respectively (1 page of text with H4L stamp & handle drawings)
Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969-1982:  Vol. I   Geva, Hillel
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Avigad, Nahman
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Barkay, Gabriel		 2000 Description of Areas A, W, & X-2 stratigraphy with an excellent overview chapter on LMLK & related seal impressions including circle incisions (11 pages of text, photos of 42 impressions, & corpus chart that introduces an axis orientation system)
JNES vol. 10 #4 Two Hebrew Ostraca from Tell Qasile Maisler, B. October 1951 Presents a LMLK ostracon (1 photo & 1 page of text--the other ostracon was written by a different person about Ophir gold for Beth Huron & does not include the word LMLK)
Journal Asiatique ser. 8 vol. 1 Sceaux et Cachets Clermont-Ganneau, M. Charles Feb/Mar 1883 French article that analyzes 6 of Warren's original handles, refutes the theory that they name kings or offerings to the pagan deity, & proposes that they name potters (2 pages)
Journal for Semitics vol. 15 #2 Seals of Jezebel & Other Women in Authority Korpel, Marjo C.A. 2006 Analyzes an unprovenanced personal seal inscribed "YZBL" with Egyptian icons (photos of an H2D & S4L; only 1 page of LMLK content, but footnote 36 on p. 361 is the first reference to this website in a formal scientific publication)
Journal of Epigraphy & Rock Drawings, Third Issue Arabian Seals and Bullae Along the Trade Routes of Judah and Edom van der Veen, Pieter Gert 2009 Defends "LNRT" reading of LMRA impression (2 pages; includes photo of plasticine impression)
Journal of Hebrew Scriptures vol. 12, article 4 Archaeological Facts, Historical Speculations & the Date of the LMLK Storage Jars:  A Rejoinder to David Ussishkin Lipschits, Oded March 2012 (published online; click here to read it)
Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society vol. 5 Administrative Divisions of Israel & Judah, The Albright, W.F. 1925 Discusses the identification of districts throughout the 12 tribes & uses the LMLK inscriptions to illustrate their evolution, but also summarizes all of the LMLK theories up to that time (37 pages total including 2 map drawings--10 have LMLK content)
Judah & Jerusalem Negev (South) of Judah, The Aharoni, Y. (no editor named) 1957 Hebrew chapter with photo of an x4L from Tell 'Ira (Khirbat al-Gharra); published in English in IEJ vol. 8 #1
Kedem:  Studies in Jewish Archaeology Meaning of the "Le-Melekh" Inscriptions, The Sukenik, E.L. 1942 5-page Hebrew chapter that argues for the royal standard measure theory with a good photo of Jar 5461 & BT LMLK fragment
Khirbet Nisyah:  The Search for Biblical Ai, 1979-2002   Livingston, David 2003 Excavation report including an x2x handle photo with interesting correspondence between the author/excavator & Albright & Kelso over the locations of Bethel & Ai
Khirbet Qumran et Ain Feshkha II   Humbert, Jean-Baptiste
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Gunneweg, Jan
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Lemaire, Andre		 2003 French excavation report including a G2T photo
Kingdom of Hezekiah:  Judah in the Geo-Political Context of the Late Eighth Century BCE, The   Hooker, Paul Kenneth 1993 Uses LMLK evidence beginning with "Die Konigs-Stempel" to support an analysis of Hezekiah's reign (about 20 pages)
Konigs-Stempel, Die   Welten, Peter 1969 German book ("The King's Stamp") with more content about LMLK impressions than any other published work (including paleography charts, a detailed corpus, & sketched maps showing site locations for each city name; 204 pages but no photos)
Lachish III (Tell ed-Duweir):  The Iron Age (Plates)   Tufnell, Olga 1953 Contains three photos of two restored Type 484 jars (5400 & 5461), the Bath LMLK Jar, & a plate of 31 impressions (same ones published by Diringer in PEQ July 1941)
Lachish III (Tell ed-Duweir):  The Iron Age (Text)   Tufnell, Olga
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Diringer, David		 1953 About 6 pages of text with descriptions of Type 484 jars & loci/context of excavated handles, arguments for class 1 = early 8th, class 2 = late 8th, class 3 =7th centuries, & comments regarding the Bath LMLK Jar plus paleography & corpus charts (310 for Lachish & 492 total up to that time)
Land of the Bible:  A Historical Geography, The   Aharoni, Yohanan 1967 (English edition translated by A.F. Rainey) Provides many maps (such as fortresses & districts) covering the history of Palestine plus 6 pages about the LMLK mystery with an emphasis on their geographical-administrative significance while arguing for their usage being restricted to Hezekiah/Manasseh
Land of the Bible:  A Historical Geography, The (Revised & Enlarged Edition)   Aharoni, Yohanan 1979 (English edition translated by A.F. Rainey) Minor modifications to the original edition (1962 Hebrew, 1967 English), especially to the "Districts of Judah" map, the paragraph about Lachish handles, & to the last page of LMLK text summarizing the purpose (still 6 relevant pages)
Law & Ideology in Monarchic Israel Jerusalem & the Lineages in the Seventh Century BCE:  Kinship & the Rise of Individual Moral Liability Halpern, Baruch 1991 A 2-page discussion of the military build-up theory
Like a Bird in a Cage   Grabbe, Lester L. 2003 Presentations by multiple authors at a 2000 seminar discussing various aspects related to Sennacherib's attack of Judah, but Grabbe's introduction rehearses important LMLK corpora (15 pages of text)
Lion Encyclopedia of the Bible, The   Alexander, Pat
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Millard, Alan
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Parish, Stephen		 1978 Includes one paragraph about the stamps & a page describing ancient pottery manufacture (color M2D photo)
LMLK--A Mystery Belonging to the King vol. 1   Grena, G.M. April 2004 Click here to preview the contents
LMLK Blogspot Intact Jars--Watch Your Mouths! Grena, G.M. June 3-7 2006 (published online; click here to read it)
LRW LMLK Seals in the Michael Welch Collection Welch, Michael March 2003 (published online; click here to read it)
Mambre   Mader, Evaristus 1957 German book with a page that provides a general overview & mentions 2 H4x handles found at Keilah
Messages from the Past   Deutsch, Robert 1999 (English edition) Contains photos, drawings, & descriptions of Hebrew bullae from the time of Isaiah to the destruction of Solomon's temple, including 3 with "LMLK" inscribed on them)
LRW Michael Welch's Review of "LMLK--A Mystery Belonging to the King vol. 1" Welch, Michael June 2004 (published online; click here to read it)
Ministry vol. 64 #7 Jar Handles Reveal Hezekiah's Hopes Younker, Randall W. July 1991 Concentrates on the expansion of Jerusalem during Hezekiah's reign due to immigration following the fall of Samaria & tends to agree with Tushingham's proposal that the 2 icons represent Judah & Israel; prefers the military supplies theory but doesn't attempt to explain the 4 words (4 pages, photos of M2D #3464 & M4C #5943-1 from "Discovering Jerusalem")
Modern Research as Illustrating the Bible   Driver, S.R. 1909 Summary of evidence & theories (3 pages of text, 1 page of 15 impression drawings borrowed from "Excavations in Palestine")
Monographs of the Hebrew Union College #23 In the Service of the King:  Officialdom in Ancient Israel & Judah Fox, Nili Sacher 2000 Minor revision of her 1997 dissertation entitled "Royal Functionaries..." (20 pages in this format)
NEASB vol. 46 Judean Jar Handles Bearing Concentric Circles Ji, Chang-Ho 2001 Examination of handles with Circle marks that suggests they were made during Manasseh's reign (11 pages; drawings of S2DW, M2D, x2x; photos of H2U & H4L from Lachish & x2x with Circles at Horn Archaeological Museum)
NEASB vol. 55 LMLK Storage Jars & the Reign of Uzziah:  Towards a Mid-eighth Century B.C. Terminus a Quo for the Royal Jars of the Kingdom of Judah, The Hudon, Jeffrey P. 2010 Affirms multi-reign usage of stamped jars with MMST = Ramat Rahel's estate, not the palace (13 pages)
Neue Kirchliche Beitschrift vol. 17 Die in Palastina Ausgegrabenen Altisraelitischen Krugstempel Sellin, D. (Ernst?) 1906 German article that analyzes the major theories & proposes a combination of one by Sayce & one by Macalister--that some names in 1Chronicles 2-4 should be interpreted as places rather than people, that MMST=Mareshah, & that the 4 words represent 4 potteries established by Uzziah (10 pages)
New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land vol. 1 (A-El), The Beth-Shemesh Stern, Ephraim
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Bunimovitz, Shlomo
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Lederman, Zvi		 1993 Briefly discusses the stratum LMLK handles were excavated from & provides an H4L photo
New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land vol. 2 (Em-Je), The Hebron Stern, Ephraim
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Ofer, Avi		 1993 Briefly mentions LMLK handles excavated at Tel Hebron & provides an H2D photo
New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land vol. 3 (Jo-Pel), The Judeideh, Tell Stern, Ephraim
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Broshi, Magen		 1993 Briefly mentions LMLK handles excavated at Moresheth-Gath & provides an H4L photo
New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land vol. 3 (Jo-Pel), The Lachish Stern, Ephraim
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Ussishkin, David		 1993 A few succinct summary paragraphs about important conclusions drawn from the major excavations there along with a photo of 3 jars
New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land vol. 4 (Pet-Z), The Qasile, Tell Stern, Ephraim
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Dothan, Trude
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Dunayevsky, Imanuel		 1993 Describes the incised LMLK ostracon & includes a photo
New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land vol. 4 (Pet-Z), The Ramat Rahel Stern, Ephraim
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Aharoni, Yohanan		 1993 Briefly mentions LMLK handles excavated at Ramat Rahel & provides a good photo of an H2D & #687-22a personal seal on the same handle
Nimrud & Its Remains vol. 1   Mallowan, M.E.L. 1966 Presents a lion weight with a LMLK inscription possibly from Jerusalem (1 page of text & 3 photos)
Orte und Landschaften der Bibel: ein Handbuch und Studien-Reisefuhrer zum Heiligen Land, Band 2: Der Suden   Keel, Othmar
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Kuchler, Max		 1982 German handbook that includes a discussion on Tell Goded (H4L drawing)
Our Work in Palestine   Palestine Exploration Fund
 1873 Mentions "King Zepha" & "King Shat" via Birch, & "crest of an eagle" (3 pages, 2 drawings of the original handles)
Palastina und Seine Kultur in Funf Jahrtausenden   Thomsen, Peter 1909 German book with a single-page overview explaining MMST as a mystery/riddle, Mampsis perhaps--note that in his 1932 revision of this book published as "Alte Orient vol. 30" he listed Moreseth & Moza instead of MMST (photo of 1 H4L & 2 S2U handles)
Palastinensische Kleinkunst   Reifenberg, Adolf 1927 German book with a page that speculates one day complete jars may be found to prove/disprove the royal volume theory plus a photocopy of a page of drawings from PEQ vol. 31
PEQ vol. 2 Phoenician Inscription on Jar Handles Warren, Charles 30 September 1870 (click here for complete transcription)
PEQ vol. 13 Some Remarks on the Interpretation of the Impressions on the Vase Handles Found at the Foot of the Temple Wall Greene, J. Baker October 1881 Analyzes the inscriptions in consideration of Molech-worship & proposes that they are compound deity names (i.e., LMLK ZF = "To the Lord (Molech) who watches" (7 pages)
PEQ vol. 25 Cuneiform & Other Inscriptions Found at Lachish & Elsewhere in the South of Palestine, The Sayce, A.H. January 1893 Only one paragraph that mentions similarities between concentric circles on an ivory plaque & a royal Egyptian scarab with those on the LMLK handles; also provides details about 4 of Warren's original handles
PEQ vol. 25 Phoenician Inscriptions on the Vase Handles Found at Jerusalem, The Sayce July 1893 Interprets LMLK --ST as Melech-Sheth, LMLK SUKE as Melech-Shochoh, LMLK ZF as Melech-Ziph & discusses Canaanite & Egyptian deity names (2 pages)
PEQ vol. 31 Second Report on the Excavations at Tell Zakariya Bliss, F.J. April 1899 Interprets the first LMLK HBRN handle as "King of Hebron" & dates them between Caleb's conquest & King Saul (2 pages plus drawing of H4L)
PEQ vol. 31 Third Report on the Excavations at Tell Zakariya Bliss, F.J. July 1899 Discusses 12 handles found at Azekah & interprets their icons & inscriptions in conjunction with the original 6 found at Jerusalem (3 pages plus drawings of 9 impressions)
PEQ vol. 31 Note on the Inscribed Jar-Handle & Weight found at Tell Zakariya Clermont-Ganneau, C. July 1899 Identifies the 2 icons with Egyptian symbols, encourages the city-names theory, establishes the popular reading "To the King.--(city)", & proposes that the jars were related to a military build-up (4 pages plus a paragraph quoting H.V. Hilprecht who proposes dating the seals to the range 300-1 B.C. instead of from Joshua to Saul & identifies the inscriptions with potters)
PEQ vol. 31 Note on the Objects Discovered by Dr. Bliss at Tell Zakariya Sayce, A.H. July 1899 Describes 3 handles (two S2x & one Z2U), reaffirms his geographical name theory but drops his deity theory, & comments on the lack of a definite article in "LMLK" indicating a Phoenician style (about 1 page of relevant content)
PEQ vol. 32 Fourth Report on the Excavations at Tell Zakariya Bliss, F.J. January 1900 Describes 4 handles found at Azekah (1 page plus drawing of Z4CI)
PEQ vol. 32 Age of the Inscribed Jar-Handles from Palestine, The Sayce, A.H. January 1900 Limits the LMLK timeframe based on 4 criteria--a handle with a stamped oval cartouche found at Tell El-Amarna, concentric circles, upward winged icons, & 1Chronicles 4, all of which narrows them to the 8th century (4 pages plus El-Amarna handle photo)
PEQ vol. 32 Second Report on the Excavations at Tell Ej-Judeideh Bliss, F.J. July 1900 Presents a classification system based on 37 handles found at Moresheth-Gath & the first comprehensive analysis of the handles, symbols, inscriptions, & possible dates (13 pages; drawings of 8 impressions)
PEQ vol. 32 List of Casts & Wax Impressions of Stamped Jar-Handles Bliss, F.J. July 1900 A single page with vague descriptions of 5 handles from Moresheth-Gath & 6 from Azekah
PEQ vol. 32 Inscribed Jar-Handles of Palestine Clermont-Ganneau July 1900 Corrects the reading of a handle excavated in 1874 from NB to HBRN (1 page)
PEQ vol. 33 Jar-Handle Inscriptions I Wright, Theodore F. January 1901 Restates the original reports & possible interpretations, notably the icon being associated with the Hebrew 'RB (i.e., scarab; 2 pages)
PEQ vol. 33 Jar-Handle Inscriptions II Conder, C.R. January 1901 Discusses the importance of the discovery of the first clear MMST inscription with the interpretation, "Dedicated to the Moloch who presides over the water that will be drawn (MST) by means of this jar" (1 page)
PEQ vol. 37 Craftsmen's Guild of the Tribe of Judah, The Macalister, R.A. Stewart July 1905 Chapters 1-3 of a detailed & creative interpretation of genealogies in 1Chronicles 4 based on the theory that the LMLK inscriptions represent potters (10 pages)
PEQ vol. 37 Craftsmen's Guild of the Tribe of Judah (Conclusion), The Macalister, R.A. Stewart October 1905 Chapters 4-6 of a detailed & creative interpretation of genealogies in 1Chronicles 4 based on the theory that the LMLK inscriptions represent potters, & concludes that MMST & ZYF impressions date to the apostasy of Joash while the HBRN & SUKE ones date to the reign of Ahaz (14 pages plus full-page genealogy chart)
PEQ vol. 73 On Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions Discovered at Tell Ed-Duweir (Lachish)--II Diringer, David
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Inge, Charles H.		 July 1941 Provides a list/description of all seals found at Lachish up to that time; the P.S. by Inge argues for the "Bath LMLK" theory (20 pages, 2 plates of 31 LMLK impressions, 1 plate of personal seal impressions, & Bath LMLK photo)
PEQ vol. 80 Reviews & Notices:  Tell En-Nasbeh Tufnell, Olga July-October 1948 A laudatory review of the McCown/Wampler books with a comparison of seals found at Lachish (3 pages)
Prophets & Markets:  The Political Economy of Ancient Israel   Silver, Morris 1983 Includes the LMLK seals as an example of common practice throughout the ancient world to apply brands or descriptions to stored products (about 7 pages)
PSBA vol. 20 #155 Herodian Pottery & the Siloam Inscription Pilcher, E.J. June 1898 Argues for dating Hezekiah's tunnel inscription & the LMLK seals to King Herod (includes drawings of 4 of the original 6 impressions excavated by Warren along with the first 2 handle illustrations of a Z2D & Plus mark)
PSBA vol. 32 #238 Jewish Royal Pottery Stamps, The Pilcher, E.J. March 1910 Discussion of the 4 major Palestinian strata (using many quotes from Bliss) in an attempt to narrow down the date of LMLK ware (9 pages of text plus photos of a Z4CI & S2U)
PSBA vol. 32 #239 Jewish Royal Pottery Stamps (continued), The Pilcher, E.J. May 1910 Presentation of Persian 2-winged icons to support dating all LMLK seals to Persian rule around 375 BC (9 pages of text; photos of a Z4CI & 3 coins bearing 2-winged icons; drawings of similar, significant 2-winged icons)
Qadmoniot vol. 9 #2-3 (34-35) "Lamelekh" Store-Jars & the Excavation at Lachish Ussishkin, D. 1976 Hebrew article (5 pages) with photos of excavated jars in situ, 4 restored jars, & 3 impressions
Qadmoniot vol. 15 #2-3 (58-59) Lachish in the Days of the Kingdom of Judah--The Recent Archaeological Excavations Ussishkin, D. 1982 Hebrew article (15 pages) with photos of complete Jar 10091 & its H4L impression
Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29 Excavations in the South of the Temple Mount:  the Ophel of Biblical Jerusalem Mazar, Eilat
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Mazar, Benjamin
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Nadelman, Yonatan		 1989 Less than a page of LMLK text with a corpus table, but 1 plate of 19 photos of impressions (& 1 drawing of a handle) & about a page of discussion related to plus marks on small, non-LMLK pot handles (also photos of 12 plus marks & 8 circles-only handles)
Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 37 Timnah (Tel Batash) Final Reports I:  Stratigraphy & Architecture Mazar, Amihai 1997 A chapter of archaeological text about "The LMLK Jars Building" with several photos showing various rooms as they were being excavated (about 6 pages & 12 photos)
Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 41 Excavations at the City of David 1978-1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh vol. 6:  Inscriptions Ariel, Donald T.
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Shoham, Yair		 2000 Only 1 page of text & a corpus table, but 2 plates of impression photos (17) & drawings (13) & a plate of circle photos (including 2 handles with personal seals & circles)
Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 42 Timnah (Tel Batash) II:  The Finds from the First Millennium BCE, Plates Mazar, Amihai
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Panitz-Cohen, Nava		 2001 Companion drawings for the "Text" book of all the jars & handles recovered
Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 42 Timnah (Tel Batash) II:  The Finds from the First Millennium BCE, Text Mazar, Amihai
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Panitz-Cohen, Nava		 2001 Comprehensive discussion of all the jars & handles recovered (9 pages of text, 1 jar photo, 12 impression photos)
Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine vol. 14, The Citadel, Jerusalem.  A Summary of Work Since 1934, The Johns, C.N. 1950 Photo of an M2D handle with a brief description of where it was excavated
Qumran Excavations 1993-2004 Preliminary Report, The   Magen, Yitzhak
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Peleg, Yuval		 2007 Color photo of an H2D handle with a brief description of where it was excavated
RB vol. 8 #3 Chronique--Notes Archaeologiques et Nouvelles:  Les Fouilles Anglaises a Tell Zakariya Vincent, H. July 1899 French article that reviews & rejects the Molok & regional king theories in light of the newly discovered H4L from Azekah (2 pages)
RB vol. 9 #4 Chronique:  Les Fouilles Anglaises L. (probably Victor Lecoffre) October 1900 French article that reviews theories by Bliss & Clermont-Ganneau concluding that MMST is not Moresheth-Gath (2 pages)
RB vol. 10 Bulletin Lecoffre, V. 1901 French article that belittles the interpretations of Wright & Conder published in English journals earlier in the year (1 page)
RB vol. 9 Chronique:  Les Recentes Fouilles d'Ophel Vincent, H. 1912 French article presenting an M2T excavated in Jerusalem, which appears to have "MRST" instead of "MMST" prompting the author to identify it with Moresheth (3 pages with 5 detailed drawings of the handle & impression)
RB vol. 39 #1 Melanges:  L'Ancien Hebreu dans la Vie Courante Dhorme, P. January 1930 French single-page summary that mentions the first handles found at Nasbeh 6-12-1929
RB vol. 79 #3 Recension:  "Die Konigs-Stempel" par P. Welten Lang, Bernhard July 1972 French review of Welten's book that compliments him for his typology (& demonstrates its usefulness for future publications) & presents his main subjects in a mostly objective manner but points out the difficulty of dating based on paleography (4 pages)
RB vol. 82 #1 MMST=Amwas, Vers la Solution d'Une Enigme de l'Epigraphie Hebraique Lemaire, Andre January 1975 French article presenting evidence to identify MMST with a geographical place midway between Tel Aviv & Jerusalem based on impressions found at northern sites (as opposed to southern sites such as Kurnub) & an analysis of the root-meaning ("overnight lodging place") of the Hebrew consonants (9 pages including a hand-drawn map of the area)
Recent Discoveries on the Temple Hill at Jerusalem   King, James 1884 Identifies the icon as Baal via Aten & inscriptions as "To King Zepha" & King Shat via Birch, & potter names via Clermont-Ganneau (3 pages, 2 drawings of the original handles)
Recovery of Jerusalem, The   Chester, Greville J.
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Warren, Capt.		 1871 Minor additional details beyond the original report (3 pages, 2 drawings--both appear twice in the same book but different chapters)
Recueil d'Archeologie Orientale, Tome IV   Clermont-Ganneau, Ch. 1901 French book that reiterates & elaborates on his Journal Asiatique ser. 8 vol. 1 & PEQ vol. 31 publications (20 pages plus drawings of Warren's first 2 handles, the first H4L handle, & the 9 stamps published by Bliss in "Third Report on the Excavations at Tell Zakariya")
Religion in Judah Under the Assyrians, 732-609 BC   McKay, John 1973 Identifies the x2x seals with sun worship during Josiah's reign (1 page plus S4L & x2x drawings)
Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994) Volume I, The   Ussishkin, David 2004 Contains a detailed overview of work at the site with scattered references to LMLK stamps (color photos of 3 restored jars, 2 H4L stamps, 1 S2U handle)
Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994) Volume IV, The   Ussishkin, David
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Zimhoni, Orna
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Barkay, Gabriel
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Vaughn, Andrew G.		 2004 Section written by Zimhoni = TA vol. 17 #1; section written by Barkay & Vaughn = TA vol. 23 #1 with an exhaustive list of handles excavated prior to Ussishkin's work; section written by Ussishkin lists each handle he excavated, & he states a preference for the designation "private" rather than "official" for the Personal seals (24 pages of text plus tables & charts, photos & drawings of 8 jars [including overhead drawings showing the position of each stamp on each handle], 2 H2U, 2 S2U, 1 x2U, 5 H4L [including 1 with Plus mark], & 3 H4C stamps)
Repertoire d'Epigraphie Semitique Tome III 1201-2000   Chabot, J.B. 1918 French book that provides an exhaustive LMLK bibliography from 1871-1910 with a corpus of 87 & general overview under listing #1242, brief mention of the first Gezer M2T--#1243, a Jericho S2DR--#1500, & an Ophel M2T--#1501 (7 pages)
Restoration Quarterly vol. 28 #1 Judean LMLK Stamps:  Some Unresolved Issues, The Moore, Michael S. 1985/6 Summarizes the early theories surrounding LMLK paleography, correctly predicting that Ussishkin's Lachish excavations would resolve many of them; also correctly (& humorously) labels the geographical name theories as "weak", "weaker", & "weakest" (about 9 pages)
Retrieving the Past Hurvat Shilhah:  An Iron Age Site in the Judean Desert Seger, Joe D.
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Mazar, Amihai		 1996 Article summarizing evidence for 7th-century use of 8th-century jars (photo of Z2D handle)
Revue Archeologique ser. 4, vol. 12 Poids Bilingue Provenant de Palestine Dussaud, Rene July-December 1908 French article that compares plaque-weights with "Palace of the king of Assyria--1 Mina of the King" written in Assyrian cuneiform & "MNE MLK" in Aramean Paleo-Hebrew to LMLK seals as royal measures established after conquering Judah (6 pages; photos of 1 H4L & 2 S2U handles & lion-shaped plaque)
Royal Functionaries & State-Administration in Israel & Judah During the First Temple Period   Fox, Nili S. 1997 A dissertation with a well-written, comprehensive chapter fairly summarizing all LMLK research that presents a slightly different theory of personal seals belonging to recipients of land grants (31 pages in double-spaced format)
Samaria in Ahab's Time:  Harvard Excavations & Their Results   Jack, J.W. 1929 Brief overview in light of the Samaria Ostraca (3 pages)
Scripta Hierosolymitana vol. 8 Ancient Judaean Weights & the Date of the Samaria Ostraca Rabin, Chaim
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Yadin, Yigael		 1961 Article by Yadin that presents data to support the interpretation of a symbol on shekel weights to be a stylized version of the 4-winged icon on LMLK seals (6 pages & photo of famous Lachish M4L)
Scripture & Other Artifacts Hezekiah's Reform & the Altars at Beer-sheba & Arad Rainey, Anson F.
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Greene, Joseph A.		 1994 A chapter that includes a brief discussion of the Beersheba LMLK pithos jar
Scripture & Other Artifacts Northern Shephelah in the Iron Age:  Some Issues in Biblical History & Archaeology, The Mazar, Amihai
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Greene, Joseph A.		 1994 A chapter that includes a 2-page discussion of LMLK jars found at Timnah & Gezer
Sefer Hebron ("CFR HBRUN" in Hebrew)   Avissar, Oded 1970 Hebrew book with H4L drawing on cover & H4L handle photo with brief text.
Shlomo:  Studies in the Epigraphy, Iconography, History & Archaeology in Honor of Shlomo Moussaieff Hoard of Fifty Hebrew Clay Bullae from the Time of Hezekiah in the Shlomo Moussaieff Collection, A Deutsch, Robert 2003 Includes photos of a Maon LMLK bulla, 3 bullae from King Hezekiah's personal seals, & several bullae made by seals of King Hezekiah's servants
Short Guide to the Excavations of Ramat Rahel   anonymous (probably Yohanan Aharoni) 1955 One paragraph describing the icon as a flying scroll, & 1 photo of a Z2D handle
Solomonic State Officials   Mettinger, Tryggve N.D. 1971 Makes much use of Welten's "Die Konigs-Stempel" to argue against the royal capacity theory, & argue for the royal estates to military garrison delivery theory (4 pages)
Studies in the Iconography of Northwest Semitic Inscribed Seals Propos des Sceaux Ouest-Semitiques:  Le Role de l'Iconographie dans l'Attribution d'un Sceau a Une Aire Culturelle ou a un Atelier, A Sass, Benjamin
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Uehlinger, Christoph
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Parayre, Dominique		 1993 French article with one generic drawing of an x2U from Lachish but 64 other drawings of similar 2-winged disc icons
Studies in the Iconography of Northwest Semitic Inscribed Seals Pre-Exilic Hebrew Seals:  Iconism vs. Aniconism Sass, Benjamin
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Uehlinger, Christoph		 1993 About a page of text discussing the LMLK icons with drawings of an H4L & M2U (same as Naveh, 1982)
Studies in the Iron Age Pottery of Israel   Zimhoni, Orna 1997 Contains the same excellent content as TA vol. 17 #1--a comprehensive, 50-page study of pottery--mostly storage jars--that can be associated with the most significant Assyrian & Babylonian attacks; only about 2 pages of specific LMLK content (drawings of 3 jars & a photo of Jar 10616) but also an interesting page about lids/stoppers
Survey of Western Palestine:  Jerusalem, The Excavations Round the Noble Sanctuary, 1867-1870 Warren, Charles 1884 Minor additional details beyond the original report (2 pages, 2 drawings)
Survey of Western Palestine:  Jerusalem, The On the Pottery & Glass Found in the Excavations Chester, Greville
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Warren, Charles
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Conder, Claude Reignier		 1884 Minor additional details beyond the original report (1 page, 2 drawings)
Syria vol. 6 Samarie Au Temps d'Achab Dussaud, Rene 1925 French article that mentions Judean seals relative to the Gezer tablet, Samarian ostraca, & Siloam inscription (2 pages plus paleography table; photos of 2 H4L, 1 M2U, 1 S4L, 2 S2U handles from the PEF)
TA vol. 1 #1 Khirbet Rabud = Debir Kochavi, Moshe 1974 Only one sentence with a photo of an M4L
TA vol. 2 #4 Excavations at Tel Beer-Sheba:  Preliminary Report of the 5th & 6th Seasons, 1973-1974 Aharoni, Yohanan 1975 Photo, line drawing, & 1-page discussion of the Half LMLK Jar
TA vol. 4 #1-2 Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib & the Dating of the Royal Judean Storage Jars, The Ussishkin, David 1977 Contains about 22 well-written pages clarifying the history of excavation at Lachish (plus 6 layout drawings) & 4 more pages of text outlining LMLK chronology theories
TA vol. 5 #1-2 Excavations at Tel Lachish 1973-1977:  Preliminary Report Ussishkin, David 1978 Contains about 3 pages of text, 2 pages of drawings & matching plates showing 4 complete jars & a sample of each of their LMLK impressions, & a photo of excavated jars in situ
TA vol. 10 #2 Excavations at Tel Lachish 1978-1983:  Second Preliminary Report Ussishkin, David 1983 A comprehensive article covering all areas of excavation (including radiocarbon dating of wood samples from each stratum) with 2 pages of text discussing restored LMLK jars, a plus mark handle, & a multi-stamp handle (drawings/photos of jars & photos of 4 handles)
TA vol. 17 #1 Two Ceramic Assemblages from Lachish Levels III & II Zimhoni, Orna 1990 A comprehensive, 50-page study of pottery--mostly storage jars--that can be associated with the most significant Assyrian & Babylonian attacks; only about 2 pages of specific LMLK content (drawings of 3 jars & a photo of Jar 10616) but also an interesting page about lids/stoppers
TA vol. 18 #1 Kingdom of Judah Under Josiah, The Na'aman, Nadav 1991 Compares the distribution of the LMLK & rosette jars with Biblical place-name lists (about 4 pages with an excellent map of excavation sites)
TA vol. 23 #1 LMLK & Official Seal Impressions from Tel Lachish Barkay, Gabriel
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Vaughn, Andrew G.		 1996 A definitive census of Lachish jar handles (13 pages)
TA vol. 37 #1 Royal Judahite Jar Handles:  Reconsidering the Chronology of the lmlk Stamp Impressions Lipschits, Oded
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Sergi, Omer
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Koch, Ido		 June 2010 Proposed chronological division based on seal types (26 pages & a figure showing 19 seal drawings)
TA vol. 38 #1 Judahite Stamped and Incised Jar Handles: A Tool for Studying the History of Late Monarchic Judah Lipschits, Oded
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Sergi, Omer
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Koch, Ido		 June 2011 Elaborates on chronological divisions between early/late LMLKs, Circles, Rosettes (31 pages, 4 distribution maps, 3 corpus tables)
TA vol. 38 #2 Dating of the lmlk Storage Jars and Its Implications: Rejoinder to Lipschits, Sergi and Koch; The Ussishkin, David November 2011 Reaffirms his belief that all LMLK types date to the period shortly before Sennacherib's invasion of Judah (21 pages & 1 Lachish M2D with Circles photo)
Tell en-Nasbeh vol. 1:  Archaeological & Historical Results   McCown, Chester Charlton
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Wampler, Joseph Carson		 1947 Contains a 5-page section about LMLK handles excavated including a paleography chart, a locus map, a corpus (mainly quoting Diringer's work), & scattered references on at least 11 other pages describing specific locations where the handles were found along with plates of 14 impressions, 3 handles, & the complete Jar 396
Tell en-Nasbeh vol. 2:  The Pottery   Wampler, Joseph Carson 1947 Contains brief references to LMLK handles & detailed descriptions of the complete Jar 396
Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions vol. 1:  Hebrew & Moabite Inscriptions   Gibson, John C.L. 1971 A 3-page general discussion with a vague typology listing
Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions vol. 2:  Aramaic Inscriptions   Gibson, John C.L. 1975 No text; only line drawings of an H4C, H4L, & H2U to illustrate Diringer's 3 classes
Theology, History, & Archaeology in the Chronicler's Account of Hezekiah   Vaughn, Andrew G. 1999 The single document with the most up-to-date information about LMLK jar handles
Thirty Years' Work in the Holy Land   Besant, Walter 1895 Expanded edition of "Twenty Years' Work in the Holy Land" with same drawings of the 2 original handles
Timnah:  A Biblical City in the Sorek Valley   Kelm, George L.
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Mazar, Amihai		 1995 Describes the handles & jars found at Tel Batash & argues for the military build-up theory (3 pages plus color photos of Jar 7202-2 & M2U & x4L handles)
Twenty-One Years' Work in the Holy Land   Palestine Exploration Fund
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Besant, Walter		 1886 Drawings of the 2 original handles (shown upside-down) & says their Phoenician characters are variously interpreted
Underground Jerusalem:  An Account of Some of the Principal Difficulties Encountered in Its Exploration & the Results Obtained   Warren, Charles 1876 Less than a page of remarks surrounding the first handles with 2 drawings
Underground Jerusalem:  Discoveries on the Hill of Ophel (1909-11)   Vincent, H. 1911 Published in French & English, this book includes a paragraph that interprets an M2T seal as Moresheth (drawings of the complete handle & impression)
Upon This Rock   Zola Levitt Ministries
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Barkay, Gabriel		 2002 1-hour video with a few minutes of Gabriel Barkay at the Kidron Valley dumps of Temple Mount debris, where he mentions Warren's pioneering excavations & shows the original handle drawings
VT vol. 11 #3 Villes de Juda au Temps d'Ozias, Les Feuillet, R. July 1961 French article that sees paleographic evidence to date the x4C seals to Uzziah's reign & uses the Qumran "2 Seah 7 Log" jar to support the Royal Potteries theory (4 pages plus Diringer's 1949 paleography chart)
VT vol. 25 #3 Remarques sur la Datation des Estampilles "LMLK" Lemaire, Andre July 1975 French article that points out the paleographic significance of the last letter of SUKE in the S4L seals, which allows Diringer's Class II to co-exist (if not predate) Class I to as early as Uzziah's reign in the middle of the 8th century BC
VT vol. 29 #1 Sennacherib's Campaign to Judah & the Date of the LMLK Stamps Na'aman, N. January 1979 Presents solid, logical evidence for positively dating all LMLK impressions to King Hezekiah's reign instead of King Josiah's (26 pages)
Windows to the Past   Deutsch, Robert
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Heltzer, Michael		 1997 Presents the incised LMLK oil jar (2 pages of text plus a photo & line drawing)
Winery, Defenses, & Soundings at Gibeon   Pritchard, James B. 1964 Contains photos of an H2D, G2T, & S4L with a brief description of where they were found
Writing (vol. 25 in the "Ancient Peoples & Places" series edited by Glyn Daniel)   Diringer, David 1962 No significant text; H4L drawing & Lachish H4C & H2U impression photos
ZDPV vol. 66 #2 Palastinischen Krughenkel mit den Konigsstempeln, Die Sellin, Ernst 1943 German article that interprets the inscriptions as "Property of the King", elaborates on the royal estates theory, & dates them from the end of Manasseh to the Babylonian conquest (17 pages)
ZDPV vol. 91 #1 Hirbet Kefire - eine Oberflachenuntersuchung Vriezen, Karel J. H. 1975 German article presenting the excavation of Biblical Chephirah (1 page of text plus an x2x photo)
ZDPV vol. 118 #2 Temptation to Identify:  Jerusalem, MMST, & the LMLK Jar Stamps Kletter, Raz 2002 Reviews the reasons for locating MMST near Hebron & proposes 2 phases of usage (one pre-revolt & one post-revolt) but then gives 5 arguments against it (10 pages including 2 maps)
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 This page was created on April 6, 2002, & last updated on May 28, 2012